• New programs for students who speak a language other than English.
• What kind of programs? Schools were given the funding to determine the "innovative" education programs for ELL (English Language Learners) students.

1973 Comprehensive Bilingual Education Amendment Act

• Train bilingual educators.
• Extend and improve existing bilingual programs, taking into account native language and culture.

1974 Lau vs. Nichols case

• Inequalities in San Franciscan schools affecting Chinese students who do not speak English = court case.
• Special language programs required.

1998 Proposition 227 -- California

• English should be the national language = English only in the classroom.
• 1 year intense English training, then students moved into a regular English-only classroom.
• Parents can fill out waivers to have their students attend bilingual programs.

2002 No Child Left Behind

• Bilingual Education changed to "Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students."
• Double the funding for ELL students.
• No specification about special programs for student's native language, nor requirements for English-only programs.
• High stakes testing, most states only test in English --> schools want students to do well so they drop bilingual education and focus only on English.